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"ThedatahasbeenreleasedbySDSNandextractedbyPromptCloudscustomwebcrawlingsolutionContextTheWorldHappinessReportisalandmarksurveyofthestateofglobalhappinessthatranks156countriesbyhowhappytheircitizensperceivethemselvestobeThisyearsWorldHappinessReportfocusesonhappinessandthecommunityhowhappinesshasevolvedoverthepastdozenyearswithafocusonthetechnologiessocialnormsconflictsandgovernmentpoliciesthathavedriventhosechangesContentWhatisDystopiaDystopiaisanimaginarycountrythathastheworldsleasthappypeopleThepurposeinestablishingDystopiaistohaveabenchmarkagainstwhichallcountriescanbefavorablycomparednocountryperformsmorepoorlythanDystopiaintermsofeachofthesixkeyvariablesthusallowingeachsubbartobeofpositiveorzeroinsixinstanceswidthThelowestscoresobservedforthesixkeyvariablesthereforecharacterizeDystopiaSincelifewouldbeveryunpleasantinacountrywiththeworldslowestincomeslowestlifeexpectancylowestgenerositymostcorruptionleastfreedomandleastsocialsupportitisreferredtoasDystopiaincontrasttoUtopiaWhataretheresidualsTheresidualsorunexplainedcomponentsdifferforeachcountryreflectingtheextenttowhichthesixvariableseitheroverorunderexplainaverage20162018lifeevaluationsTheseresidualshaveanaveragevalueofapproximatelyzerooverthewholesetofcountriesFigure27showstheaverageresidualforeachcountryiftheequationinTable21isappliedtoaverage20162018dataforthesixvariablesinthatcountryWecombinetheseresidualswiththeestimateforlifeevaluationsinDystopiasothatthecombinedbarwillalwayshavepositivevaluesAscanbeseeninFigure27althoughsomelifeevaluationresidualsarequitelargeoccasionallyexceedingonepointonthescalefrom0to10theyarealwaysmuchsmallerthanthecalculatedvalueinDystopiawheretheaveragelifeisratedat188onthe0to10scaleTable7oftheonlineStatisticalAppendix1forChapter2putstheDystopiaplusresidualblockattheleftsideandalsodrawstheDystopialinemakingiteasytocomparethesignsandsizesoftheresidualsindifferentcountriesWhydoweusethesesixfactorstoexplainlifeevaluationsThevariablesusedreflectwhathasbeenbroadlyfoundintheresearchliteraturetobeimportantinexplainingnationalleveldifferencesinlifeevaluationsSomeimportantvariablessuchasunemploymentorinequalitydonotappearbecausecomparableinternationaldataarenotyetavailableforthefullsampleofcountriesThevariablesareintendedtoillustrateimportantlinesofcorrelationratherthantoreflectcleancausalestimatessincesomeofthedataaredrawnfromthesamesurveysourcessomearecorrelatedwitheachotherorwithotherimportantfactorsforwhichwedonothavemeasuresandinseveralinstancestherearelikelytobetwowayrelationsbetweenlifeevaluationsandthechosenvariablesforexamplehealthypeopleareoverallhappierbutasChapter4intheWorldHappinessReport2013demonstratedhappierpeopleareoverallhealthierInStatisticalAppendix1ofWorldHappinessReport2018weassessedthepossibleimportanceofusingexplanatorydatafromthesamepeoplewhoselifeevaluationsarebeingexplainedWedidthisbyrandomlydividingthesamplesintotwogroupsandusingtheaveragevaluesforegfreedomgleanedfromonegrouptoexplainthelifeevaluationsoftheothergroupThisloweredtheeffectsbutonlyveryslightlyeg2to3assuringusthatusingdatafromthesameindividualsisnotseriouslyaffectingtheresultsDatasourcehttpworldhappinessreported2019MoresuchdatasetscanbedownloadedfromDataStock", 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